One theory of language acquisition is the comprehensible output hypothesis. The input hypothesis in the input hypothesis, krashen 1985 claims that comprehensible input can lead to acquisition, the. The originator of the comprehensible output hypothesis, merrill swain swain. Is part of book title handbook of research in second language teaching and. In elemental linguistics, we call this output theory. The originator of the comprehensible output hypothesis, merrill swain swain, 1985, does not claim that co is responsible for all or even most of our language competence.
Swain 1985 communicative competence role of input and. After over a decade of research into swain s 1985 comprehensible output co hypothesis, there is still a severe lack of data showing that learner output or output modifications have any effect on secondlanguage l2 learning. It has been especially the anecdotes of the immersion learners themselves which have provided much of the stimulus for my own thinking about the output hypothesis. Izumi and others published testing the output hypothesis. Some limitations to the classroom applications of current second language acquisition research. The output hypothesis and beyond mediating acquisition through collaborative dialogue. A problem all output hypotheses have is that output is surprisingly rare krashen, 1994.
After over a decade of research into swain s 1985 comprehensible output co hypothesis, there is still a severe lack of data showing that learner output or output modifications have any. Taking the information processing approach as a starting point. Read to write, write to learn an output oriented mode for elt cheng qiuxian shanxi university abstract enlightened by stephen krashens input hypothesis 1985 and merrill swain s output hypothesis 1995, the author tries to illustrate a threestep output oriented elt mode in the layer. The comprehensible output hypothesis challenged the notion that second language l2 acquisition occurs solely through comprehensible. The psycholinguistics of the output hypothesis bot 1996. Problems in output and the cognitive processes they. The psycholinguistics of the output hypothesis bot. The output hypothesis iu this svctiou, wv will outliuv thv erolv that output plays iu svcoud lauguagv acquisitiou. As it can be noticed, there is a need for implementing and improving the use of these two skills which are different from the input hypothesis and that could be grouped together. Its history and its future merrill swain ontario institute for studies in education of the university of toronto language learning distinguished scholar in residence of the national research center for foreign language education of beijing foreign studies university. According to the ideas of swain, people inclined to pay attention to the understanding of the meaning during the process of input but they would not be aware of the expression of forms.
As it can be noticed, there is a need for implementing and improving the use of these two skills which are different from. By noticing this gap, learners becomes aware of it and may be able to modify. Material studied second language acquisition has always attempted to duplicate first language acquisition. However, swain 1985 observed language learners who received a lot of comprehensible input, but they failed to attain high levels of grammatical accuracy. Outputwas synonymouswith what the learnersystem has learned. This is the original version of principles and practice, as published in 1982, with only minor. Taking the information processing approach as a starting point and relating that to levelts model of language production and andersons learning theory, i argue that output serves an important role in second language acquisition, in particular because it generates highly specific input. Developed by merrill swain, the comprehensible output co hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in their linguistic. Effects of output on noticing and second language acquisition find, read and cite all the research you need on. In the 1980s, the word output was used to indicate the outcome, or product, of the language acquisitiondevice. Although the main tenets of one seem to reject those of the other, we have seen how, far from opposing, they complement each other. Qingdao university of science and technology, qingdao, china this paper discusses how college english teaching can be carried out based on the outputdriven hypothesis.
According to merrill swain, the output hypothesis claims that the act of producing language speaking or writing constitutes under certain circumstances, part of the process of second language learning1. In many second language classrooms as well as naturalistic contexts, however, learners often observe the output of others without producing their own output. Swain s hypothesis kind of splits hairs, in a way, but still input over output, input before output, input more than output, thats my take on it. Comprehensible output was developed by merrill swain. On the weekend of february 22nd and 23rd, merrill swain gave a seminar at temple university in osaka entitled the role of output in second language learning. By noticing this gap, learners becomes aware of it and may be able to modify their output so that they learn something new about the language. Merrill swain, sharon lapkin, problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate. The application of output driven hypothesis on college english teaching tyler, the herald of curricula theory in america 1949 put forward the four elements of curricula framework, they are respectively objective, presentation, the way of presentation, and assessment. In purchase to assess how appropriate krashens and swain s sights are, it is necessary to 1st define the basic principles of just about every see. Swain theory explains the process of learning a new language and teaches who can influence the learner to learn. Developed by merrill swain, the comprehensible output co hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in their linguistic knowledge of the second language l2. The output hypothesis claims that the act of producing language speaking or writing constitutes, under certain circumstances, part of the process of second language learning.
Indeed, one might call this the comprehensible output hypothesis. A recent confirmation of the scarcity of output is ellis, tanaka, and yamazaki 1994, who examined vocabulary acquisition under three conditions, tasks in which. Even when we do find supporting evidence, when the hypothesis makes the correct prediction, a critic can always say. Pdf learner output, hypothesis testing, and internalizing linguistic. A step towards second language learning, applied linguistics, volume 16, issue 3, september 1995. And this is how we arrive at swain s output hypothesis, which is a linguistic model, and krashens input hypothesis, which constitutes a cognitive model for sla. For a concise overview of krashens theory see higashi 1988 in english teaching forum. In the case of co, the problem is especially severe. These anecdotes have come from parents, teachers and learners. Pdf the impact of swains pushed output hypothesis on. Rather, the claim is that sometimes, under some conditions, output facilitates second language learning in ways that are different form, or. Revisiting input and output hypotheses in second language. Since swain 1985 proposed the output hypothesis, she has explored more about this hypothesis and identified three roles of output in secondlanguage acquisition. The meaning behind this idea is to show how learner can learn the new language by the influence of their relativities.
Based on the output hypothesis, it would seem that, for interaction to facilitate sla, learners need to have opportunities for output during interaction. On application of outputdriven hypothesis on college english teaching. First, swain discussed the background to her interest in output. Corresponding to the input hypothesis of krashen, swain proposed the output hypothesis. Scholar merrill swain proposed the comprehensible output hypothesis to describe how a second language is acquired. With this problem in mind, swain suggested the comprehensible output hypothesis. Four models of language learning and acquisition 301 scious speech act what i want to say, and an intentional act and, on the other hand, its subconscious, automatic processing i.
In other words, producing output is a significant way for a learner to test hypotheses about the target language. On application of outputdriven hypothesis on college. This means that the dialogue learners engage in takes on new significance. In this article i attempt to elucidate the psycholinguistic mechanics of swains output hypothesis.
Type chapter authors swain, merrill page start 471 page end 483 ebook. Comprehensible output quinn major reference works wiley. The act of producing language speaking and writing constitutes part of the process of second language learning. Comprehensible output hypothesis output is closely related to the process of language production. According to the hypothesis, ell students learn language when they realize there. Taking the information processing approach as a starting point and relating that. First, she says output provides a hypothesis testing function.
Krashens input hypothesis and swains output hypothesis. According to merrill swain, the output hypothesis claims that the act of producing language speaking or writing constitutes under certain circumstances, part of the process of second language learning 1. In the decades that have followed, therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that the second. Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate. Krashens input hypothesis and swain s output hypothesis have many differences. Testing the noticing function of the output hypothesis. Merrill swains comprehensible output theory by chance. Pdf this study aimed to investigate the impact of swain s push out hypothesis 1985 on promoting iranian efl learners reading comprehension. In it, we can observe learners operating on linguistic data operations that move inward to become part of the participants own mental activity. Just as dell hymes 1974 put forward the concept of communicative competence in deliberate con trast to chomskysconcept of linguistic competence, so swain advanced the comprehensible output hypothesis in deliberate contrast to krashens comprehensible input hypothesis. Comprehensible input and second language acquisition. Po r t a li n g u a r u m 22, junio 2014 722 pushed output and noticing in a dictogloss. Comprehensible input and second language acquisition volume 16 issue 3 lester loschky.
Four models of language learning and acquisition and their. Swain 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005 posited three major functions of output, namely noticing. This study attempts to test aspects of the input hypothesis krashen, 1980, 1983, 1985 and longs modification of it long, 1980, 1983a. The comprehensible output hypothesis and selfdirected.
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